Apple Lisa

Apple Lisa

Apple Lisa


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Home Page > Business > Online Business > Apple Lisa

Apple Lisa

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Etymology

While the documentation shipped with the original Lisa only ever referred to it as The Lisa, officially, Apple stated that the name was an acronym for Local Integrated Software Architecture or “LISA”. Since Steve Jobs’ first daughter (born in 1978) was named Lisa Jobs, it is normally inferred that the name also had a personal association, and perhaps that the acronym was invented later to fit the name. Hertzfeld states that the acronym was reverse engineered from the name “Lisa” in autumn 1982 by the Apple marketing team, after they had hired a marketing consultancy firm to come up with names to replace “Lisa” and “Macintosh” (at the time considered by Rod Holt, V.P. of Engineering to be merely internal project codenames) and then rejected all of the suggestions. Privately, Hertzfeld and the other software developers used “Lisa: Invented Stupid Acronym”, a recursive backronym, while computer industry pundits coined the term “Let’s Invent Some Acronym” to fit the Lisa’s name.

Hardware

The Lisa was first introduced on January 19, 1983 at a cost of ,995 US (,693.67 in 2009 dollars). It was the first commercially sold personal computer to have a GUI. It used a Motorola 68000 CPU at a 5 MHz clock rate and had 1 MB RAM. But, several years prior to this, research had been going on at Xerox PARC to make a new way to organize everything on the screen, today known as the desktop. By late 1979 Steve Jobs successfully negotiated with Xerox for his Lisa team to receive two demonstrations of ongoing research projects at Xerox PARC; when the Apple team saw the demonstration of the Alto computer they were able to see in action the basic elements of what constituted a workable GUI. A fantastic deal of work was place into making the graphical interface into a mainstream commercial product by the Lisa team. Head of the Hardware Development Team for the Lisa was Robert Paratore.

Drives

The original Lisa has two Apple FileWare 5 inch double-sided floppy disk drives, more commonly known by Apple’s internal code name for the drive; “Twiggy”. They have a capacity of approximately 871 kilobytes each, but required special diskettes. The Macintosh, which was originally designed to have a single Twiggy, was revised to use a Sony 400k microfloppy drive in January 1984. An optional external 5 MB or, later, a 10 MB Apple ProFile hard drive (originally designed for the Apple III) was available. With the introduction of the Lisa 2, an optional 10 MB internal proprietary hard disk manufactured by Apple, known as the “Widget” was also offered.

Lisa 2

The first hardware revision, the Lisa 2, released in January 1984 priced between ,495 and ,495 US, was much less expensive than the original model and dropped the Twiggy floppy drives in favor of a single 400k Sony microfloppy. It was possible to buy the Lisa 2 with as small as 512k RAM. An external ProFile and internal Widget drive were available as standard options in different configurations. In 1984, at the same time the Macintosh was officially announced, Apple offered free upgrades to the Lisa 2 to all Lisa 1 owners, by swapping the pair of Twiggy drives for a single 3 inch drive, and updating the boot ROM and I/O ROM. In addition, the Lisa 2′s new front faceplate was included to accommodate the reconfigured floppy disk drive. With this change, the Lisa 2 had the notable distinction of introducing the new Apple inlaid logo, as well as the first Snow White design language features.

There were relatively few third-party hardware offerings for the Lisa, as compared to the earlier Apple II[citation needed]. AST offered a 1.5 MB memory board, which when combined with the standard Apple 512 KB memory board, expanded the Lisa to a total of 2 MB of memory, the maximum the MMU could address.

Late in the product life of the Lisa, there were third-party hard disk drives, SCSI controllers, and double-sided 3 inch floppy-disk upgrades. Unlike the Macintosh, the Lisa features expansion slots. It is an “open system” like the Apple II.

The Lisa 2 motherboard is a very basic backplane with virtually no electronic components, but plenty of edge connector sockets/slots. There are 2 RAM slots, 1 CPU slot & 1 I/O slot all in parallel placement to each other. At the other end, there are 3 ‘Lisa’ slots, parallel to each other. This flexibility provides the potential for a developer to make a replacement for the CPU ‘card’ to upgrade the Lisa to run a newer CPU, albeit with potential limitations from other parts of the system.

Macintosh XL

Main article: Macintosh XL

In January 1985, following on the heels of the Macintosh, the Lisa 2/10 (with integrated 10MB hard drive) was re-branded the Macintosh XL and with new software positioned as Apple’s high end Macintosh. The price was lowered yet again, to 00; sales tripled, but (according to CEO Sculley) Apple would have lost money increasing production to meet the new demand. Apple discontinued the Macintosh XL, leaving a 8 month void in Apple’s high end product line until the Macintosh Plus was introduced in 1986. Apple would not, but, introduce a replacement computer with an internal hard drive or expansion slots until 1987.

Software

A screen shot of the Lisa Office System 3.1

The Lisa operating system featured cooperative (non-preemptive) multitasking and virtual memory, then extremely advanced features for a personal computer. The use of virtual memory coupled with a honestly slow disk system made the system performance seem sluggish at times. Based in part on advanced elements from the failed Apple III SOS operating system released 3 years earlier, the Lisa also organized its files in hierarchal directories, making the use of large hard drives practical. The Macintosh would eventually adopt this disk organizational design as well for its HFS filing system. Conceptually, the Lisa resembles the Xerox Star in the sense that it was envisioned as an office computing system; consequently, Lisa has two main user modes: the Lisa Office System and the Workshop. The Lisa Office System is the GUI environment for end users. The Workshop is a program development environment, and was nearly entirely text-based, though it used a GUI text editor. The Lisa Office System was eventually renamed “7/7″, in reference to the seven supplied application programs: LisaWrite, LisaCalc, LisaDraw, LisaGraph, LisaProject, LisaList, and LisaTerminal.

Third-party software

A significant impediment to third-party software on the Lisa was the fact that, when first launched, the Lisa Office System could not be used to write programs for itself: a separate development OS was required called Lisa Workshop. An engineer runs the two OSes in a dual-boot config, writing and compiling code on one machine and testing it on the other. Later, the same Lisa Workshop was used to develop software for the Macintosh. After a few years, a Macintosh-native development system was developed. For most of its lifetime, the Lisa never went beyond the original seven applications that Apple had deemed enough to do “everything.”

MacWorks

Main article: MacWorks

In April 1984, following the success of the Macintosh, Apple introduced MacWorks, a software emulation environment which allowed the Lisa to run Macintosh System software and applications. MacWorks helped make the Lisa more attractive to potential customers, but did not enable the Macintosh emulation to access the hard disk until September. In January 1985, re-branded MacWorks XL, it became the primary system application designed to turn the Lisa into the Macintosh XL.

Commercial failure

The Lisa 2 / Macintosh XL

The Apple Lisa turned out to be a commercial failure for Apple, the largest since the Apple III disaster of 1980. The intended business computing customers balked at Lisa’s high price and largely opted to run less expensive IBM PCs, which were already beginning to dominate business desktop computing. The largest Lisa customer was NASA, which used LisaProject for project management and was faced with significant problems when the Lisa was discontinued.

The Lisa is also seen as being a bit slow in spite of its innovative interface. The release of the Apple Macintosh in 1984, which received far better marketing, was the most significant factor in the Lisa’s demise. The Macintosh was far less expensive. Two later Lisa models were released (the Lisa 2 and its Mac ROM-enabled sibling Macintosh XL) before the Lisa line was discontinued in April 1985. In 1986, Apple offered all Lisa/XL owners the opportunity to turn in their computer and US,498.00, in return for a Macintosh Plus and Hard Disk 20 (a US,098.00 value at the time).

Historical importance

This section does not cite any references or sources.

Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (April 2008)

Though generally considered a commercial failure, the Lisa was a marked success in one respect. The Lisa software, in combination with an Apple dot-matrix printer, could produce documents that surpassed other comparably-priced options available at the time.[citation needed] This one compelling usage drove the Lisa into a number of larger offices, and due to the price, the number of people who had used a Lisa was much larger than the number of Lisas sold.

An often overlooked feature the Lisa system used is its early harnessing of document-centric[citation needed] computing instead of application-centric computing. On a Macintosh, Windows, or Linux system, a user typically seeks a program. In the Lisa system, users use stationery to start using an application. Apple implemented stationery documents on System 7 in 1991 and attempted to further advance this approach on the Mac platform later with OpenDoc; stationery documents are still used as template documents for many applications, but OpenDoc and its complex object embedding had only limited success, and the project was canceled in 1997. Microsoft also later implemented stationery in a limited fashion via the Windows Start menu for Microsoft Office.

International significance

Within a few months of the Lisa introduction in the US, fully translated versions of the software and documentation were commercially available for British, French, German, Italian, and Spanish markets, followed by several Scandinavian versions shortly thereafter. The user interface for the OS, all seven applications, LisaGuide, and the Lisa diagnostics (in ROM) can be fully translated, without any programming required, using resource files and a translation kit. The keyboard can identify its native language layout, and the entire user experience will be in that language, including any hardware diagnostic messages.

Curiously, although several foreign-language keyboard layouts were available, the Dvorak keyboard layout was never ported to the Lisa, even by Dvorak users inside Apple, as had already happened on the Apple III, IIe, and IIc, and as later happened on the Macintosh. Keyboard-mapping on the Lisa is a black art, known to only a few of the Lisa engineers; and changing or adding layouts required building a new OS/kernel. All kernels contain images for all layouts, so due to serious memory constraints, keyboard layouts were stored as differences from a set of standard layouts, thus only a few bytes are needed to accommodate most additional layouts. A notable exception is the Dvorak layout that moves just about every key and thus requires hundreds of extra bytes of precious kernel storage regardless of whether it were needed.

Each localized version (built on a globalized core) requires grammatical, linguistic, and cultural adaptations throughout the user interface, including formats for dates, numbers, times, currencies, sorting, even for word and phrase order in alerts and dialog boxes. A kit was provided, and the translation work was done by native-speaking Apple marketing staff in each country. This localization effort resulted in about as many Lisa unit sales outside the US as inside the US over the product’s lifespan, while setting new standards for future localized software products, and for global project co-ordination.

The end of the Lisa

In 1987, Sun Remarketing bought about 5,000 Macintosh XLs and upgraded them. Some leftover Lisa computers and spare parts are still available today.

In 1989, Apple disposed of approximately 2,700 unsold Lisas in a guarded landfill in Logan, Utah, in order to receive a tax write-off on the unsold inventory.

Like other early GUI computers, working Lisas are now honestly valuable collectors items, for which people will pay hundreds or even thousands of dollars. The original model is the most sought after, although working ProFile and Widget hard disks, which are necessary for running the Lisa OS, are also particularly valued.

Timeline of Lisa models

See also: Timeline of Apple products, Timeline of Apple II Family, and Timeline of Apple Macintosh models

Notes

^ From the book iCon: Steve Jobs, The Greatest Second Act in the History of Business

^ Andy Hertzfeld (2005). “Bicycle”. Revolution in the Valley. O’Reilly. pp. 36. ISBN 0596007191. 

^

^ Re: MACINTOSH opinion and request

^ “Apple’s LISA meets a terrible end”. InfoWorld 7 (22): 21. Jun 3, 1985. ISSN 0199-6649. 

^ Evolution of Memory Management in Mac OS

^ GUIdebook > Articles > he Lisa 2: Apple ablest computer

^ “Back In Time”, A+ Magazine, Feb 1987: 48-49.

^ Signal 26, March 1986, circulation 45,013

^ American Heritage magazine article on the Apple Lisa

See also

Macintosh 128K

People: Bill Atkinson, John Couch, Steve Jobs, Rich Page, Jef Raskin, Wayne Rosing, Brad Silverberg, Larry Tesler

Technology: History of the graphical user interface, Cut and paste, Mouse, Mouse gesture, Xerox Star, Visi On, Apple ProFile, NeXT, QuickDraw, Pascal programming language

Computer Acronyms

External links

LisaEm: An Apple Lisa emulator

Apple Lisa FAQ

A LISA Filmed Demonstration from 1984

Apple Lisa and others at Ancient Computer Museum

26-year-ancient Apple Lisa 2 still going strong, hosts website you can visit today

Using Apple’s Lisa for Real Work

Apple Lisa spotlight at GUIdebook

Birth of the Lisa

Lisa 2/5 info.

Original Lisa Owners Guide (Warning: 67.9 MB PDF)

Apple Lisa at the Open Directory Project

mprove: Graphical User Interface of Apple Lisa

Rare images of screenshots and prints of first Apple Lisa Prototype GUI still without icons

Archive of an early publication for Lisa users

Busy Being Born: A visual history of the development of the Lisa/Macintosh user interface

Inventing the Lisa User Interface by Rod Perkins, Dan Keller and Frank Ludolph (1 MB PDF)

The Legacy of the Apple Lisa Personal Computer by David T. Craig

Apple’s John Couch with the Lisa Project Team (Photo, 1981)

Video of a Lisa 2/10 booting and working with documents

v  d  e

Apple Model Navigation

Replaced

Current Model

Successor

none

(Apple III)

Apple Lisa, Lisa 2

Macintosh XL

(Macintosh)

Preceding Family Model

January 19, 1983

Following Family Model

v  d  e

Apple hardware before 1998

Computers

Apple

Apple I  Apple II series (II, II Plus, II Europlus, II J-Plus)  IIe series (IIe, IIe Card for Macintosh LC series)  IIc series (IIc, IIc Plus)  IIGS  Apple III series (Apple III, III Plus)

Lisa

Lisa  Lisa 2  Macintosh XL

Compact Macintosh

128K  512K (512K, 512Ke)  Plus  SE (SE, SE FDHD)  SE/30  Classic  Classic II (Performa 200)  Color Classic (Performa 250)  Color Classic II (Performa 275)

Macintosh II

II  IIx  IIcx  IIci  IIfx  IIsi  IIvi (Performa 600)  IIvx

Macintosh LC

LC series (LC II (Performa 400410), LC III (Performa 450), LC III+ (Performa 460467))  LC 500 series (LC 520 (Performa 520, Macintosh TV), LC 550 (Performa 550560), LC 575 (Performa 575578), LC 580 (Performa 580))  5200/5300 LC series (5200 LC (Performa 52005220), 5260 (Performa 52605280), 5300 LC (Performa 53005320))

Macintosh Quadra

700  900  950 (AWS 95)  800 (AWS 80)  840AV  610 (Centris 610, AWS 60)  650 (Centris 650)  660AV (Centris 660AV)  605 (LC 475, Performa 475, 476)  630 (LC 630, Performa 630640)

PowerBook

Macintosh Portable  100 series (100, 140, 170, 145, 160, 180, 165, 145B, 165c, 180c, 150)  Duo series (210, 230, 250, 270c, 280, 280c, 2300c, Duo Dock)  500 series (520, 520c, 540, 540c, 550c)  190 series (190, 190cs)  5300 series (5300, 5300cs, 5300c, 5300ce)  1400 series (1400c, 1400cs)  3400c  2400c  G3

Power Macintosh

6100 (Performa 61106118), AWS 6150)  7100  8100 (AWS 8150)  AWS 9150  6200/6300 series (6200, (Performa 62006230), 6300 (Performa 62606360))  9500  7200 (AWS 7250)  7500  8500 (AWS 8550)  5400 (Performa 54005440)  7600  6400 (Performa 6400, 6410, 6420)  4400 (7220)  5500  6500  7300 (AWS 7350)  8600  9600 (AWS 9650)  G3  Twentieth Anniversary Mac

Network Server

500  700

Peripherals

Displays

Monitor III  Monitor II  Monitor IIc  AppleColor Composite IIe  AppleColor High-Resolution RGB  Macintosh Color  AudioVision 14  Multiple Scan 14  ColorSync 750

External drives

Floppy drives (Apple II and III, Macintosh)  Hard drives (ProFile, Hard Disk 20, Hard Disk 20SC)  Optical drives (AppleCD, PowerCD)

Input devices

External Keyboards (Numeric Keypad IIe, Lisa Keyboard, Macintosh Keyboard, Macintosh Numeric Keypad, Macintosh Plus Keyboard, ADB Keyboard, Standard Keyboard, Extended, Apple Keyboard II, Extended Keyboard II, Adjustable, Newton Keyboard, Apple Design Keyboard, Twentieth Anniversary Mac Keyboard)  Mice (Lisa, Macintosh, Mouse IIc, AppleMouse II, Apple Mouse, Mouse IIe, ADB Mouse, ADB Mouse II)  Mouse derivatives (Apple II Graphics Tablet, Joystick)  Scanner  OneScanner  Color OneScanner (Color OneScanner, 600/27)  QuickTake cameras (100, 150, 200)  QuickTime Conferencing Kit

Networking

Apple II Communications Card  Apple Modems  LocalTalk network adapter  Comm slot cards  GeoPort Telecom Adapters

Printers

Thermal (SilenType, Scribe Printer)  Impact (Dot Matrix Printer, ImageWriter, ImageWriter II, ImageWriter LQ)  LaserWriter (LaserWriter, Plus, IISC, IINT, IINTX, IIf, IIg, 4/600 PS, 16/600 PS, 12/640 PS, 8500)  Personal LaserWriter (SC, LS, NT, NTR, 300, 320)  LaserWriter Pro (600, 630, 810)  LaserWriter Select (300, 310, 360)  Color LaserWriter (12/600 PS, 12/660 PS)  StyleWriter (StyleWriter, II, 1200, Portable)  Color Printer  Color StyleWriter (Pro, 2400, 2200, 1500, 2500, 4100, 4500, 6500)

Newton

MessagePad (100, 110, 120, 130, 2000, 2100)  eMate 300

Other

Paladin  AppleDesign Powered Speakers  Interactive Television Box  Pippin

See also: Apple hardware since 1998.

Categories: 1983 introductions | Apple Inc. hardware | Personal computersHidden categories: Wikipedia articles needing copy edit from February 2010 | All articles needing copy edit | Articles needing additional references from September 2007 | All articles needing additional references | Articles that may contain original research from December 2007 | All articles that may contain original research | All articles with unsourced statements | Articles with unsourced statements from July 2009 | Articles needing additional references from April 2008 | Articles with unsourced statements from April 2008 | Wikipedia external links cleanup | Wikipedia spam cleanup

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Both The Cintiq 21ux And The Genuine Fractals Are Helpful For Photographers

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Both The Cintiq 21ux And The Genuine Fractals Are Helpful For Photographers


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Home Page > Business > Both The Cintiq 21ux And The Genuine Fractals Are Helpful For Photographers

Both The Cintiq 21ux And The Genuine Fractals Are Helpful For Photographers

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Wacom announced the launch of the Cintiq 21ux tablet device which in fact is a kind of Interactive Pen Show. This is a fantastic device for the artists and the photographers and is expected that it would help them in a fantastic way to make their works simpler and flexible.

The Cintiq 21ux is available with the latest up gradation in technology. It is a 1600 by 1200 pixel monitor as well as the graphics tablet available all in a single device. The 2048 levels of pressure sensitivity with a new sensor technology is one of the greatest features of this new device. The color scheme has also been updated and the touch strips have been went to the back panel.

The Cintiq 21ux really allows the show to be positioned at any angle ranging from 10 to 65 degrees. Quite similar to that of the Wacom Intuos, the Cintiq 21ux is available with a pen stand which doubles up as the storage of the nib. The standard, the stroke as well as the felt-tip nips are also included in this tablet device. It comes in combination with the Corel painter Sketch pas, the Nik color Efex Pro 3.0 WE6 as well as the Wacom brushes 3.0.

Its price is set around 99 and is available in the market now. The photographers and the artists who have not yet bought the Cintiq 21ux shall immediately rush to buy it.

Apart from the Cintiq 21ux, software called Genuine Fractals has also been developed in order to make their work more flexible in nature. This is a ready to use image-resizing plug in for the Adobe Photoshop as well as the Light Room.

The operation mode of the genuine fractals is quite simple in nature. This would help to a fantastic extent not only the professional photographers but the new photographers as well. They would be able to get the best shots with the help of this device. This software allows the user to encode the low to medium resolution files to a resolution-free format which can indeed be opened up at any resolution of the choices of the user.

Images with Genuine Fractals can be saved in two different ways. There is a lossless save option which can make a file nearly about half the size of the original. On the other hand, the virtually lossless save option can make a file approximately about one-fifth of the size of the original. There is but small difference in the quality when the file is viewed in the enlarged form.

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In order to buy the cintiq 21ux or the Wacom Intuos, one can log on to smartimages.com. Here they can also download the software Genuine Fractals in order to make their work simpler as well as flexible. This site can provide the best.

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Has Multimedia Development Reached its Crest?

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Home Page > Computers > Programming > Has Multimedia Development Reached its Crest?

Has Multimedia Development Reached its Crest?

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Animations became a super hit soon it came into market. Everyone – from child to adult – was zapped with the effects produced by graphic designers and animators while making multimedia. The multimedia development companies engaged in animation development reached their success peaks with hard work and innovative solutions provided as per project requirement. Still much remains to be invented and learned!

 

Multimedia development includes the use of different media to show information. The various types of media include text with audio, graphics and animations input. These multimedia software solutions are often packaged on CD-ROM or are available as web based links on the Internet. The multimedia applications are interactive and user friendly. This is made possible by the best mix of multiple media elements stated above. The multimedia technology that is used by a multimedia development company includes both the hardware and software part,used to make and run the multimedia product developed.

 

Each multimedia project has own requirements. The multimedia development company understands the key requirements of the project from the client. The flexible and unique business solutions are fit to match client requirements. The various elements used in multimedia development have variety of input devices. For making graphical multimedia element, the team makes use of various hardware devices. The graphic tablets, which are pressure-sensitive surfaces used for drawing with special pens, are used by illustrators to illustrate different images. The digital camera allows the user to click pictures that can be transferred electronically for use. Another device is the scanner that converts existing pictures and graphics into digital form allowing better use of available resources. The audio is recorded and entered using the microphones, voice-recognition systems, and sound chips found in the computer.

 

Once the graphic designer, animator, content writer, and audio recorder finisher their job, the complete multimedia solution developed is ready for delivery. The delivery mode is chose right at the start of project, at project analysis and specification phase depending on the amount of information that is to be delivered. It also depends on the privacy policy of the material developed. The end user who is going to be the final recipient of the multimedia developed is also an vital subject, which is considered while finalizing the delivery mode. The expertise level of the end user decides the delivery mode of the products developed by multimedia as it is for them that the entire work is undertaken. The multimedia developing companies generally prefer CD’s in case of multimedia learning material is silent large in data size. In case of corporate presentation or other multimedia content where data is relatively less, they companies deliver through internet.

 

Multimedia industry has crossed various mile stones. The evolution is still in progress. With the enhancement in software and hardware components utilized by multimedia development industry, we are sure to see multimedia technology continue to change, to be quicker, better, and more realistic.

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www.netbooknews.com The quality of Android tablet coming out of Shenzhen are increasing every month and aparently this includes the price. The Kinpad 7″ Android 2.2 tablet is more expensive then what we have been traditionally seeing out of this region as it on sale right now for 9, there are a few fascinating features to consider if you are looking for a 7 inch tablet in the sub 0 range. If the ability to make and receive phone calls and revieve text messages is importatn to you, then this device might be for you! With a capacitive touch screen, Android 2.2 and an 800MHz Freescale processor with AMD graphics makes this tablet a truly unique offering. The Kinpad I600 isn’t what you remember from Shenzhen even if you were just looking a few months ago. It is a very decent tablet that adds in phone and 3G connectivity. The Freescale processor makes playback of 1080p H.264 video files possible. We wouldn’t mind seeing a few more connectivity ports like a micro HDMI it does deliver a lot more than your typical tablet. Even though this isn’t the cheap sub 0 tablets we are used to seeing out of this region its functionality nearly makes it comparable to products like the Dell Streak or even Samsung Galaxy Tab but at a cheaper price.
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Photoshop Trick : 10 Steps Make Your Photo To Hand Sketch Effect

Photoshop Trick : 10 Steps Make Your Photo To Hand Sketch Effect

Photoshop Trick : 10 Steps Make Your Photo To Hand Sketch Effect


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Home Page > Arts & Entertainment > Photoshop Trick : 10 Steps Make Your Photo To Hand Sketch Effect

Photoshop Trick : 10 Steps Make Your Photo To Hand Sketch Effect

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If you like the beauty of the painting sketch was made crayons or pencils, Now with Adobe Photoshop CS3 and CS4, you can practice these effects to your digital photos. Without drawing skills, you have been able to draw sketches. There are few tips from me, if you want a sketch painted more optimal, use the Graphic Tablet Mouse instead.

Step 1 :

Find a digital photo with high resolution both as a reference sketch, open the image in the File Menu > Open. Make a new layer just above it and name the layer is Gray Layer. Select the color light gray from the Color Picker as the Foreground Color, and then click OK. Fill the layer with the color of the foreground color by clicking on the Edit menu, then select Fill > Foreground Color and click OK.

Step 2 :

Next, switch to the layer palette, select Menu Layers > Make New Fill or Adjustment Layer, and then select Pattern. Select group Pappers Grayscale and select the fibers 1 type. And before pressing the OK button, larger-scale pattern in the texture of 300% in the Scale column then continue by clicking OK.

Step 3 :

Change the layer blending to Soft Light with the Opacity to 40%. Next duplicate the background layer / model and name it glowing edges on the duplicated layer. This is done to give effect to these layers.

Step 4 :

Now, go to Filter menu, choose Stylize > Glowing edges. Drag the slider Edge Width to number 3, go the slider Edge Brightness to number 12, Drag the slider smoothness to the number 7 and click OK. Still on Layer Glowing edges, invert staining in this layer by selecting Image menu, select Adjustment > Invert (Ctrl + I). Because since we do not need color information at this layer, change the color to be black & white by selecting the Image menu, select Adjustment Desaturate or press a key combination (Ctrl + Shift + U) on the keyboard.

Step 5 :

Go the layer Glowing edges is to stack the top layer by dragging while holding the left mouse button. Change the Layer Blending into Multiply by setting the Opacity to 20%. Return to layer, duplicate the layer Background / model and name this new layer with the Sketch. On this layer, we will make a sketch effect. Discard color information at this layer by selecting Image menu, select Adjustment > Desaturate or press the key combination Shift + Ctrl + U on the keyboard.

Step 6 :

Next, go the sketch layer to the stack top layer by dragging while holding the left mouse button. Then, increase the contrast in this layer by selecting Image menu, and select Adjustment > Curves or press the key combination Ctrl + F on your keyboard and click OK. Give Grainy effect by selecting Filter menu, select Noise > Add Noise. Drag the slider Amount to 14.21%, choose Gaussian in the Distribution column, and check Monochromatic field and click OK.

Step 7 :

Hide the first layer Sketch by choosing Layer menu, select Layer Mask > Hide All. You also can press the Add Layer Mask button at the bottom of the layer palette then click the Edit menu, select Fill > Black. This layer makes the layer remains visible on the mode, but for now, hidden under the mask.

Step 8 :

Now select the Brush Tool (B), then click on the Toolbar Brush to select the brush shape. Choose the Dry Media Brushes and then select the type of brush Pastel on Charcoal Paper. If you use the Graphic Tablet, open the Brush Editor by pressing the F5 key on your keyboard. Dynamic Shape Panel, change the Size Control Jitter from Off to Pen Pressure. Similarly, in the Other Dynamics Panel, change the Opacity Jitter becomes Pen Pressure Control. If you use the Mouse, you do not need to open the Brush Editor, simply change the quantity Opacity and Flow at the Option bar.

Step 9 :

Back to the Sketch Layer, click the thumbnail black mask to work on the Mask. Do not forget to use the Foreground Color to white. Set brush size 15 px, opacity to 55% and Flow to 75%, scratched Stylus / Mouse slowly. Apply On the first face of the character, such as eyes, eyebrows, nose and mouth. Do more scratches, especially on the part of the body contours.

Step 10 :

Now, scratched Brush hair in the frame. Use a smaller brush, about the size of 10px. Now, larger brush size of 30 px, scratched in all parts of the hair. And further, larger Opacity to 98% and use a small brush (10 px) to further reinforce the characters eyes and mouth. And as a last resort, brush in shadow areas by using the Brush size 35 px or larger and Opacity to 81%.

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Home Page > Technology > Gadgets and Gizmos > Workstation – Super Quick Computer

Workstation – Super Quick Computer

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In general term workstation means computer for specific reason connected with LAN. A workstation is a high-end microcomputer designed for technical or scientific applications. Intended primarily to be used by one person at a time, they are commonly connected to a local area network and run multi-user operating systems. The term workstation has also been used to refer to a mainframe computer terminal or a PC connected to a network. Typically workstations had offered higher performance than personal computers, especially with respect to CPU and graphics, memory capacity and multitasking cability.

Workstation are optimized for the visualization and manipulation of different types of complex data such as 3D mechanical design, engineering simulation (e.g. computational fluid dynamics), animation and rendering of images, and mathematical plots. Consoles consist of a high resolution show, a keyboard and a mouse at a minimum, but also offer multiple displays, graphics tablets, 3D mice (devices for manipulating and navigating 3D objects and scenes), etc. Workstations are the first segment of the computer market to present advanced accessories and collaboration tools.

History of Workstation
In early days workstations were generally dedicated minicomputers; a system designed to support a number of users would instead be reserved exclusively for one person. A notable example was the PDP-8 from Digital Equipment Corporation, regarded to be the first commercial minicomputer.

Perhaps the first computer that might qualify as a “workstation” was the IBM 1620, a small scientific computer designed to be used interactively by a single person sitting at the console. It was introduced in 1959. In 1965, IBM introduced the IBM 1130 scientific computer, which was meant as the successor to the 1620. Both of these systems came with the ability to run programs written in Fortran and other languages. Both the 1620 and the 1130 were built into roughly desk-sized cabinets. Both were available with add-on disk drives, printers, and both paper-tape and punched-card I/O. A console typewriter for direct interaction was standard on each.

The Lisp machines developed at MIT in the early 1970s pioneered some of the principles of the workstation computer, as they were high-performance, single-user systems intended for heavily interactive use. The first computer designed for single-users, with high-resolution graphics facilities (and so a workstation in the modern sense of the term) was the Xerox Alto developed at Xerox PARC in 1973. Other early workstations include the Three Rivers PERQ (1979) and the later Xerox Star (1981).

In the early 1980s, with the advent of 32-bit microprocessors such as the Motorola 68000, a number of new participants in this field appeared, including Apollo Computer and Sun Microsystems, who made Unix-based workstations based on this processor. Meanwhile DARPA’s VLSI Project made several spinoff graphics products as well, notably the SGI 3130, and Silicon Graphics’ range of machines that followed. It was not uncommon to differentiate the target market for the products, with Sun and Apollo considered to be network workstations, while the SGI machines were graphics workstations. As RISC microprocessors became available in the mid-1980s, these were adopted by many workstation vendors.

PC- Home Computer Trends, Types and Technology

Features of Workstations
*ECC memory
Workstations support the ECC memory.

* Memory Sockets
a larger number of memory sockets which use registered (buffered) modules

* Multiple processors
Workstations uses the multiple processors in their CPU.

* Multiple displays
It is also common part in the workstations.

*Professional Operating System
Workstations generally run a “business” or “professional” operating system version

* Expensive
Workstations tended to be very expensive, typically several times the cost of a standard PC and sometimes costing as much as a new car. But, minicomputers sometimes cost as much as a house.

* Costly components
The high expense usually came from using costlier components that ran quicker than those found at the local computer store, as well as the inclusion of features not found in PCs of the time, such as high-speed networking and sophisticated graphics. Workstation manufacturers also tend to take a “balanced” approach to system design, making certain to avoid bottlenecks so that data can flow unimpeded between the many different subsystems within a computer.

*Higher Profit Margins
Workstations given their more specialized nature, tend to have higher profit margins than commodity-driven PCs.

*System
The systems that come out of workstation companies often feature SCSI or Fibre Channel disk storage systems, high-end 3D accelerators, single or multiple 64-bit processors, large amounts of RAM, and well-designed cooling.

* Excellent after sale service
The companies that make the products tend to have very excellent repair/replacement plans.

Workstation – SuperFast PC of new world

Low Cost Workstations
Now these days the line between workstation and PC is increasingly becoming blurred as the demand for quick computers, networking and graphics have become common in the consumer world, allowing workstation manufacturers to use “off the shelf” PC components and graphics solutions as opposed to proprietary in-house developed technology. Some “low-cost” workstations are still expensive by PC standards, but offer binary compatibility with higher-end workstations and servers made by the same vendor. This allows software development to take place on low-cost (relative to the server) desktop machines.

There have been several attempts to produce a workstation-like machine specifically for the lowest possible price point as opposed to performance. One approach is to remove local storage and reduce the machine to the processor, keyboard, mouse and screen. In some cases, these diskless nodes would still run a traditional OS and perform computations locally, with storage on a remote server. These approaches are intended not just to reduce the initial system buy cost, but lower the total cost of ownership by reducing the amount of administration required per user.

This approach was really first attempted as a replacement for PCs in office productivity applications, with the 3Station by 3Com as an early example; in the 1990s, X terminals filled a similar role for technical computing. Sun has also introduced “thin clients”, most notably its Sun Ray product line. But, traditional workstations and PCs continue to drop in price, which tends to undercut the market for products of this type.

21st Century cheap and power saving pc

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